Loss of Freedom in Sedaris This Old House and Angelous...

Sedaris constructs his feelings through narrative writing, and Angelou explores her concerns through descriptive writing with the analogy of a bird, they still are exploring the similar topic of perceived loss. The loss of freedom, demonstrated by the demand to uphold a family image, versus the caged bird, remain very similar in both pieces due to perceived entrapment, disappointment and self-nonentity. Descriptive essays leave room for misinterpretation and confusion, where as a narrative essay is straightforward and to the point. The loss of freedom was expressed quite literally for the caged bird, but in my opinion was also expressed for the young boy. Sedaris reminisces of his childhood, and reflects on the disapproval from his father†¦show more content†¦In my mind there are many different ways to think of this passage, the free bird has no worries and is just living life to the fullest and full of bliss. The caged bird is essentially feeling trapped while the free bird takes his life for granted. You really aren’t positive, at least in my mind, that the free bird in some way doesn’t feel trapped himself. How do we know that the free bird isn’t longing for somewhere warm to sleep and people to hear his songs? The phrase â€Å"he opens his throat to sing† (Angelou, 1983) never really tells you if the caged bird is actually able to muscle out a song or is able end his entrapment. While the description puts us in the cage with the bird, and simultaneously in the sky soaring with the free bird, it is also not clear as to how or if the bird will ever be free. This essay is not appealing in the long run, because of the ability to misinterpret parts of the essay, and its lack of clarity. While the essay is creative, it leaves too much to the imagination In the same token, how can as the reader, be entirely sure that after being trapped for so long in that cage, he can even remember what it is like to be a â€Å"real† bird? We have no concept of how long that bird has been trapped, when he opens his throat to sing, does his song actually escape his beak? It is my opinion that although

Should Student Athletes Be Paid - 1577 Words

Whether or not student-athletes should be paid has been a hotly debated topic since the 1900s. College athletes spend just as much time, if not more time, practicing and devoting time and energy to sports as they do academics. For this, many athletes are rewarded with scholarship money. However, many people believe it is not enough. Should we pay student-athletes a slice of the wealth or is a full-ride scholarship enough? (Business Insider). What if the athlete gets injured? Where does the money come out of to support each athlete’s salary? The huge amount of money being generated from college sports has led some people to think that the athletes are entitled to some of that revenue. While, some think that student-athletes should be paid, others disagree for various reasons. Student-athletes should not be paid to play in order to maintain the purity of amateur sports and their obligation to prioritize getting an education. The NCAA was started by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906 in order to implement the safety measures in college sports. Back then, it was â€Å"impermissible to recruit athletes solely on their athletic ability, much less to offer athletic scholarships† (Gilleran, et al). The rules behind intercollegiate sports that stand today were set in place for a reason. The NCAA mandates that student-athletes must not receive a salary to maintain their amateur status. Universities favor the athletic department since they tend to bring in the highest revenue, but participants knowShow MoreRelatedStudent Athletes Should Not Be Paid934 Words   |  4 Pagessomebody to work two fulltime jobs and not get paid for it. Nobody would think it would be fair to work so hard and not receive any form of compensation. This is exactly what is happening to student athletes. Student athletes are not only fulltime students, but also are fulltime athletes. There are two very decisive sides to this argument. On one side the NCAA claims that the student athletes are amateurs and cannot be paid. They also claim they are paid in other ways such as a full ride scholarshipRead MoreStudent Athletes Should Be Paid1299 Words   |  6 Pagesof dollars off of student athletes every year. Should the NCAA start sharing the profits with these student athletes, which every year help grow the NCAA brand? It’s an important question that seems to come up every day on television, the internet, and even in the newspaper. Student athletes are going to college on scholarships which are sold to them by coaches, scouts, and other school administration as a commitment to the student’s future. All they ask is for the student athlete to make a commitmentRead MoreStudent Athletes Should Be Paid1314 Words   |  6 PagesStudent athletes in college are held t o a higher standard than normal students since they are juggling a lot more in their lives. Student athletes have to set aside a lot of time for practice while still maintaining good grades and a social life. Some people believe that because of this demanding schedule that student athletes should be paid. Where on the other hand many believe that they shouldn’t since they choose to be on a sports team, this is a topic that is debated upon by many. One solutionRead MoreStudent Athletes Should Not Be Paid927 Words   |  4 Pagesthe average cost of college for a student to go attend an in-state four year public university (â€Å"College Costs†). This amount does not include housing, food, books, or supplies; this can end up totaling near $10,000, but imagine if both of these figures were paid for you. This would mean you would pay nothing to attend a four year college, and this is the reality for many individuals today; these people are commonly known as student-athlete s. Many student-athletes receive full scholarships to schoolsRead MoreShould Student Athletes Be Paid?1270 Words   |  6 PagesAthletic Association (NCAA), it also contributes to the income of colleges and the NCAA. Without student athletes, these colleges and the NCAA would not reap the benefits of college athletics, such as: increased awareness of colleges, higher application rates, and of course the revenue brought in from game and event tickets, apparel, and contracts for licensing and television rights. Since the student athletes, who devote a great deal of time to their sport, are the cog in the machine that is the NCAARead MoreShould Student Athletes Be Paid?1159 Words   |  5 PagesTyson Hartnett says, â€Å"Contrary to what all the opponents believe, being an athlete is a full-time job. On a typical day, a player will wake up before classes, get a lift or conditioning session in, go to class until 3 or 4 p.m., go to practice, go to mandatory study hall, and then finish homework or study for a test.For a little extra money to see a movie or go out to dinner once a week, my freshman roommate worked a job at the university, earning about $7/hour. He would work his butt off all dayRead MoreShould Student Athletes Be Paid?1323 Words   |  6 Pagestopic that is very controversial for everyone is, should student-athletes in college be compensated? There numerous evidence that supports in favor and many against the proposition of paying student- athletes who play sports for their university. As a college athlete, students are putting their bodies on the line each game they play. There’s possibility of suffering a traumatic brain injury or being paralyze after physical contact. These athletes are sacrificing their bodies and physical health atRead MoreShould Student Athlete Be Paid?1837 Words   |  8 PagesShould student-athlete be paid? The idea of paying college athletes to compete is not new, unlike most people think. This debate has been around since the 1800’s. The college sports industry makes about $11 billion in annual revenues. Fifty colleges report annual revenues that exceed $50 million. Nationally in 2010-11, the top 15 college basketball programs generated roughly $293 million, less than a third of what the top 15 football programs generated, baseball makes very little money compare toRead MoreShould Student Athletes Be Paid?1691 Words   |  7 PagesIt is mid-February and for college athletes and fans everywhere that means that the College Football â€Å"Bowl† season is over and â€Å"March Madness† is around the corner. The â€Å"Bowl† Season is a series of college football games from the elite teams, sponsored by various corporations and â€Å"March Madness† is a 68 team single elimination tournament to decide who the best team in college basketball is. For the stud ents involved they get a chance to have their legacy live on forever and for some it is a chanceRead MoreEssay on Student Athletes Should Not Be Paid941 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Athletes Should Not Be Paid In the world of college athletics there are endless topics discussed daily and most pertain to money. An issue that falls under this category includes the heated debate involving whether or not student athletes should receive money. Many people say student athletes should receive compensation according to their specific needs because they spend so much time earning their scholarship and have no time to work. On the other hand, the stronger argument is student

Catastrophic Events BP Oil Spill Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthe

Question: Discuss about theCatastrophic Events BP Oil Spill. Answer: Introduction The 'BP Oil Spill'/ 'Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill is measured as the greatest oil slick on the planet. This oil slick impacted the earth and individuals; as well as influenced monetary and money related position of country in a negative way. The money related position of the US has gone down after this oil slick inside the country. Alongside this, this exploration report is valuable to examine the truths identified with the case 'BP Oil Spill.' This paper is worthwhile to depict the significant speculations of people in general intrigue hypothesis that ought to be considered by the legislators and administrations of countries at the season of such catastrophe. Actualities identified with 'BP Oil Spill' The BP oil slick is considered as the greatest accidental marine oil slick in the record of oil industry that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010. There are various purposes for the oil slick. For case, the key reason is that the administration did not actualized proper anticipation measures to maintain a strategic distance from any sort of oil spillage inside country. The administration that was included for the situation was not cooperating with the BP association. Both, the administration and administration were playing out their exercises separately (Houdet and Germaneau, 2011). As a consequence, the absence of coordination is viewed as a noteworthy reason of the BP oil slick within nation. Additionally, the board was not playing out its corporate social duties towards the general public and also condition. Then again, the BP association embraced and executed poor hazard administration methodologies to decrease the odds of oil slick inside country. The basic leadership p rocedure of the organization was extremely poor. It took an imperative choice just in a minute ago; that can't stop oil spillage in the Gulf of Mexico. Along with this, the organization did not give satisfactory preparing to its representatives. There was an absence of control inside the association. The administration of the association was not able analyze basic markers that may upgrade the odds of oil slick on the stage of association. Thusly, the biggest oil slick happened ever. The notoriety of the BP association has ruined because of this debacle (McNall, Hershauer and Basile, 2011). In addition, the whole world confronted the circumstance of money related emergency by confronting this oil slick inside the oil business. On the premise of the given case investigation, the general population premium hypothesis has significance with this case. As per the general population premium hypothesis, business firms work their organizations in a wrong way in the monetary markets of country. These organizations thoroughly neglect the significance of the general public to enhance the efficiency and productivity of organizations (De Wolf and Mejri, 2013). For this situation, the administration of the association was not able create suitable hazard administration methodologies; and play out its duties towards the general public in which it was working its business. These missteps prompted tremendous harm to the earth and individuals of country. Moreover, on account of the BP oil slick, the practices and also demeanors of pioneers have been seen baffled and flighty too. The key players of the associations were not able comprehend the aptitudes of pioneers that were connected to the case. The pioneers of the BP are a bsolutely in charge of this greatest oil slick and natural debacle. The CEO of the association acknowledged that there were a few shortcomings in the administration practices of the association. Because of these disappointments, the administration lost control over the way of life of association. The association did not actualize powerful hazard administration methodologies; overlook advices of specialists and carelessness wellbeing issues; that brought about the greatest oil slick all around the globe (Brennan, 2013). The pioneers of the association were not able react this satisfactory speed and in addition consideration; and as an outcome, this calamity transformed into the greatest oil fiasco on the planet. Along with this, the BP oil slick is considered as the greatest administrative disappointment on the planet. As per the general population intrigue hypothesis, the controllers were obliged to find the lacks that exist in the administrative arrangement of the association. The controllers must perceive that how and why the administrative arrangement of the organization was neglected to keep the BP calamity; and ensure both people in general and in addition condition of country (Dietrich and Adam, 2011). The hypothesis proposes some compelling changes that must be actualized by the association to distinguish and enhance administrative insufficiencies for the insurance of individuals and condition. In addition, the OCSLA Act that controls the BP association traces some real changes that are basic to ensure general society enthusiasm for an adequate and a more far reaching way. In a similar way, the controllers did not consider the partners of the organization. According to the partner hy pothesis, shareholders, representatives, clients, group, unions, providers, and government are the key partners of the association. The partner hypothesis/approach is an essential hypothesis of public interest that determines that an association must deal with its partners for its development and achievement in quite a while period (Neill and Morris, 2012). Moreover, the controllers of the association likewise rupture the hypothesis of solid responsibility. Under this hypothesis, they make duties for the assurance of group and condition in which they work their organizations. Be that as it may, by considering this case, it is noticeable that, there were bunches of inadequacies inside the administrative system of the organization. My position in Favor/ Against of the BP Oil Spill I do concur that the BP oil slick is the greatest calamity on the planet. The debacle occurred because of the poor administration arrangement of the association. The controllers did not have control on the whole framework. They didn't actualized powerful methodologies to diminish the odds of any setback inside the association. The association did not consider the general population intrigue hypothesis for the efficacious operations of the business. In the event that it had executed the hypothesis of public interest, partner, and solid duty then no such catastrophe may occur inside the association (Ni and Van Wart, 2015). In addition, the controllers of the association did not take after coded of morals for the time of the oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico. One of the codes that must be executed by the association is the wellbeing of nature and society too. For this situation, it is unmistakable that, this code was not trailed by the association; and as a result many individuals kicked the bucket and nature was cruelly harmed amid the oil slick. Furthermore, the BP oil slick ruined the picture of the association and countries also. Preceding this catastrophe, the Gulf of Mexico was perceived for its angling enterprises, lovely condition, and tourism all around the globe. These all things changed as a result of the oil slick inside country (Houdet and Germaneau, 2011). In addition, the BP oil slick is an instance of exploitative movement. The real purpose for it is that the objective of every single association is the insurance of nature and group in which they exist. Business associations are obliged to perform their corporate social responsibilities to demonstrate their worry towards the group; and to secure nature also. Be that as it may, the controllers of BP did not play out any obligation towards the general public and condition. In a similar way, for this situation, I am absolutely against to the BP association. There are various explanations for this. The chief reason is that the association did not lead codes of morals inside association. The debacle happened as a result of the controllers did not take after appropriate wellbeing systems and in addition safety efforts inside the association. BP did not arrange crisis reaction projects to ensure individuals and condition on account of a catastrophe inside the association (McNall, Hershauer and Basile, 2011). Along these lines, the association confronted heaps of feedback. The deficient business practices of the associations are at risk for the damage of the general population and condition. Conclusion On the base of the above case examination, one might say that, the BP oil slick was extremely risky act ever. This catastrophe occurred because of nonattendance of viable administrative structure inside the association. Alongside this, monetary hypotheses, for example, public interest hypothesis, partner hypothesis, et cetera were not taking into contemplations by the controllers of the association. References Brennan, K. (2013). A Stakeholder Analysis of the BP Oil Spill and the Compensation Mechanisms Used to Minimize Damage. University of South Florida. De Wolf, D. and Mejri, M. (2013). Crisis communication failures: The BP case study. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 2(2), pp.48-56. Dietrich, N. and Adam, I.I. (2011). BP's Deepwater Horizon: The Goldman Sachs of the Sea. Transactions: Tenn. J. Bus. L., 13, p.315. Houdet, J. and Germaneau, C., (2011). The financial implications of BPs response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Comparing damage valuation approaches highlighting the need for more reliable environmental accounting and reporting. Case study 2011-01, Synergiz, 1-5. McNall, S.G., Hershauer, J.C. and Basile, G. (2011). The Business of Sustainability: Trends, Policies, Practices, and Stories of Success, Volume 1. USA: ABC-CLIO. Neill, K.A. and Morris, J.C. (2012). A tangled web of principals and agents: examining the deepwater horizon oil spill through a principalagent lens. Politics Policy, 40(4), pp.629-656. Ni, A. and Van Wart, M. (2015). Building Business-Government Relations: A Skills Approach. NY: Routledge.

Chernobyl Essay Example For Students

Chernobyl Essay Matthew WagnerMarch 2, 20012nd hourThe Nuclear Accident in ChernobylThe main door, almost blocked by overgrown bushes and weeds, rattles in the cold Ukrainian wind. The former day-care centers rooms are a mess of abandoned dolls, stuffed animals, tiny shoes, and broken glass. Water from melting snow on the roof drips through cracks in the concrete ceiling. Between rows of metal cribs, child-size gas masks peer up from the floor where they fell during the rushed evacuation, over a decade ago. Can you imagine going back to this horrible setting? Luckily, we didnt have to experience it in real life, but people like Maria Shobkuta, and Vasil Herashchenko did, and after the evacuation, they moved back. The day-care center was located just two miles away from Chernobyl, a nuclear power plant in Pripyat, Ukraine. Today there is an off-limits area of 38 miles in diameter, officially called the Zone of Alienation, surrounds the day-care center, and the rest of the town, which had a population of roughly 50,000. The nuclear accident was the worst civilian disaster in the history of nuclear energy-and as scary as it seems, it could be repeated. Two of Chernobyls four reactors remain in use, despite continuing safety problems. Severe cracks have been reported, yet thousands of people continue to live and work there. Get this, roughly five hundred of them have been moved back into their old homes inside the zone! Why, you ask? The Ukrainian government simply explains, it cant afford to close the plant and permanently seal the sarcophagus with out billions in Western aid. I personally think there must be ways around the financial part of it. If I was a leader of their country, there is no way I would even think of re-opening the plant. It is too hazardous and risky to the health of the Ukrainians. Doctors say the 1986 accidents caused thousands of deaths from the lingering effects of radiation exposure. But at a conference in Minsk in March of 1996, medical researchers were shocked at the results of a European health study. The study said that Chernobyls toll had been wildly exaggerated. Although 760 children in the radiated regions have developed thyroid cancer, the study stated only 3 died as a result. The study found no local increase in cases of leukemia, and one of the researchers dismissed as very implausible the notion the Chernobyls radiation has caused significant numbers of deaths from other diseases. Local scientists insist the deaths-and dangers are real. Yet in and around Chernobyl, people carry on a semblance of normal life. I say they are crazy. About 12,000 people work at jobs inside the zone. The nuclear complexs 5,000 employees commute daily from Slavutych, a town just outside the perimeter. I just dont understand how anyone would want themselves, or their families exposed to the radiation, but Nikolai Lebakh, the editor of the local paper says, You cant think too much about this danger or youll go crazy. I wonder if hes ever thought perhaps its the radiation making him crazy?Even though the population is now mostly elderly people, and workers at the plant, local doctors are more concerned about the kids. We are seeing a weakening of the immune system in children, says Dr. Oleksandr Urin, the director of Pediatric Hospital 14 in Kiev. At local hospitals, the rate of birth defects has more than doubled, which is very common with babies whose parent was exposed to radiation. Doctors have also seen a few small patients suffering from liver and rectal cancer, malignancies not common in the very young. These are isolated cases so far, but they are warning signals about what may follow, says Dr. Urin. The full magnitude of the problem could take another decade to emerge, he believes. .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 , .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .postImageUrl , .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 , .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021:hover , .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021:visited , .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021:active { border:0!important; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021:active , .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021 .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc12cfc1d157750dbb0912e01d6c2b021:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Family Health Essay

Third Party Presidential Debates Essays - , Term Papers

Third Party Presidential Debates The Second College Edition of The American Heritage Dictionary defines debate as; To engage in argument by discussing opposing points (American Heritage,369). Another definition is as follows; a formal contest of argumentation in which two opposing teams defend and attack a given proposition (American Heritage,369). The Random House College Dictionary offers this definition; To engage in formal argumentation or disputation with (another person, group, etc.) (Random House,342). So which definition is correct? We know a debate is a discussion or an argument. What has to be decided is whether or not it is between two groups or several groups. That same question has arisen in the Presidential debates of the 1996 presidential election campaigns. That question being whether or not Ross Perot and his running mate should have been included in the debates with President Clinton, Bob Dole and their running mates. In order to answer this question we have to know more about the debates history. The presidential debates are in place for the public to see and hear what the candidates have to say about issues facing the nation. While debating between presidential candidates has been occurring throughout Americas history they were limited to a small audience (Leone,_). However with the 1960 debates between Kennedy and Nixon a whole new world was opened as millions of viewers watched the debates on television (Leone,_). Those first televised debates are generally credited with giving John F. Kennedy the winning margin in a very close presidential race (Leone,_). Following the 1960 election there were no publicly televised debates until 1976, and since then the debates have become an expected and important feature of presidential campaigns (Leone,_). The confidence of the debates with widespread views of general lack of government legitimacy prompted the formation of the Presidential Debate Commission before the 1988 election thus replacing the League of Women Voters as the debate sponsors (Leone,_). What is the purpose of this commission? The mission of the Commission on Presidential Debates is to ensure for the benefit of the American electorate, that general election debates are held every four years between the leading candidates for the offices of President and Vice President of the United States (Commission,_). The commission sponsored the debates of 1988, 1992 and are planning, organizing and implementing the 1996 debates (Commission,_). The commission also has a goal that is; To afford the members of the voting public an opportunity to sharpen their views of those candidates from among whom the next President or Vice president will be selected. In light of the large number of declared candidates in any given presidential election, the Commission has determined that its voter education goal is best achieved by limiting debate participation to the next President and his or her principal rival(s) (The Commission on Presidential Debates,_). In the case of a third party the Commission also has a position. The Commission developed nonpartisan criteria to base its decision regarding selection of nonmajor party candidates for participation in the 1996 debates(Commission,_). The purpose is to identify nonmajor candidates who realistically have a chance of election as the next President of the United States and who are considered to be among the principal rivals for the Presidency (Commission,_). The commission goes on to say that the chances do not have to be overwhelming, but must be more than theoretical (Commission,_). The Commissions criteria for inclusion in the debates of a nonmajor party candidate is a review of the following questions; Is there evidence of national organization, are there signs of national newsworthiness and competitiveness, are there indicators of national enthusiasm or concern, to determine whether the candidate has a significant chance of election to warrant inclusion in one or more of its debates (Commission,_)? In order to better understand these criteria we have to look at them in greater detail. Evidence of national organization involves satisfaction of the eligibility requirement of the Constitution of the United States (Commission,_). The candidate should have placement on ballots in enough states to have a mathematical chance of obtaining an electoral college majority (Commisson,_). The candidate should also have organization in a majority of congressional districts on those states (Commission,_). Finally the candidate must be eligible for matching funds from the Federal Election Commission or be able to adequately fund a national campaign and be endorsed by federal and state office holders (Commission,_). Signs of national newsworthiness and competitiveness are described by opinions of electoral experts, media and non-media personnel (Commission,_). They include professional

Andrew Jackson Nicholas Biddles Monster Bank

Andrew Jackson Nicholas Biddles Monster Bank Nicholas Biddles bank was a great issue during Andrew Jacksons Election. At the time of around 1832, the bank was the only nationwide bank and exerted tremendous influences over the nations financial system. Andrew Jackson was very much against the renewal of the “Second Bank of the United States”, because he saw it as a huge monopoly since it was a private bank managed by a small group of people. With the Bank President being Nicholas Biddle, Andrew Jackson went after him.The very first national bank was founded in 1791 with support of Alexander Hamilton. The bank was authorized for a twenty year period during James Madisons tenure in 1816. Unfortunately, the First Banks charter expired in 1811 under President James Madison. Fortunately, the Bank was revived in 1816, as what we now know as the Second Bank of the United States. James Madison and Congress saw the bank as a good way to control the current inflation after the government found that it was in a considerable amount of debt from the “War of 1812”.78 year old Andrew JacksonThe now infamous Nicholas Biddle was given the position of the Banks director.Who is Nicholas Biddle Anyways? Biddle was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ancestors of the Biddle family that had previously immigrated to Pennsylvania with William Penn, and fought in the famous Pre-Revolutionary Struggles. Biddle was a very well educated man, he began his education at a very prestigious academy in Pennsylvania. Because of his rapid success with education, he enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania at the very young age of 10. Surprisingly, the University refused to award him with a degree because of his young age, so he transferred to Princeton and graduated in 1801; He was awarded as the Valedictorian at age 15. Later in life,

Observation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Observation paper - Essay Example Olive Garden has an organizational culture that emphasizes family values and continuous employee growth. Martin (2002) defined organizational culture as composed of different manifestations, including stories, rituals, practices, language, and physical arrangements (as cited in Keyton, 2011, p.20). As an employee of Olive Garden, the student has firsthand experience of what it is. In terms of stories, employees talk about their family at work and their work with their families because that is what Olive Garden wants to achieve- a sense of family bonding within the company. The organization’s rituals are composed of daily operations, including keeping the place clean and homey and the guests delighted and satisfied with the service, ambiance, and food. Olive Garden wants to make guests feel that they are just dining at home, so the atmosphere is quite casual, although it has employees that serve food and take care of customers. As for the company’s formal practices, empl oyees are well-trained to provide excellent customer service. All of them are hired because of their smile and ability to be patient and friendly toward customers. Olive Garden restaurants usually have good locations and tend to be jam-packed. Servers are trained to remain patient and accommodating even during these times. Informal practices include managers who check on the quality of service of employees and customers’ satisfaction levels and servers who go the extra mile to please clients. The jargon of the company is a mix of Italian and American words that employees use with one another. These words emphasize working together, especially during peak time. The physical arrangement of the restaurants is arranged to accommodate small and large groups, including families. The layout is spacious, and so it is normal to see young kids running around. Olive Garden is not perfect though, and it has some management problems. First, because of the â€Å"family† culture, som e managers tend to have favorites. These favorites are given more flexible (or the most sought after) schedules and busy stations where tips are most likely to be received. Second, the pay is good but not competitive and opportunities for promotion are limited. Some of those who have been loyal to Olive Garden have left because they want career advancement, but not all are given the opportunity to move up. Several think that Olive Garden is not as â€Å"family-like† as it wants to be. Some employees are not supporting each other too, so a few servers end up doing more work than others. To resolve these problems, four recommendations are offered. First, the management must lead through ensuring that the vision is alive in the company through providing fair treatment to all employees. The vision of the company emphasizes the improvement of the quality of lives of internal and external customers and this cannot be achieved when favoritism is present. Zacarro and Banks asserted t hat leaders must be able to use the organizational mission and vision for setting collection action (Gill, 2011, p.104). To influence

Reflection paper about All But my Life( Klein) Essay

Reflection paper about All But my Life( Klein) - Essay Example This love provides inner strength and determination to suffer and endure a life of extreme torment and hardship. Klein provides much evidence of this thesis when she retells stories of her family members, particularly her father, to whom she looked up and respected. It was he who made her promise to be strong, fight and never give up or kill herself and it was his words that helped her curb her desires to end her life in the camp. Klein also shows how the love of friends, not only family, can help us through bad times, particularly with her best friend Ilse. Klein provides a very poignant accounting of her life through the Holocaust and one that is intense and convincing. She does not paint pretty pictures but instead presents vivid and illustrative explanations of the numerous occurrences that show the good side of humanity in such terrible times. I think there are many lessons to be learnt from Klein’s memoirs, all of which can strengthen our inner selves and provide awareness of others in a world that is fraught with injustice, war and

Do Family Medicine doctors have the same results as Specialists Essay

Do Family Medicine doctors have the same results as Specialists (Endocrinologist) for diabetic Patients - Essay Example This issue has to be controlled. The best way to do that is through ensuring that the areas of its concentration are identified and awareness created to the people. This paper will be able to explain more on the diabetes epidemic. It will be able to tackle on the ways the people with the problem can be able to control it. It will also give ways on how to be able to care for the people who are already affected with the disease (Ede and Jackson 32). Chronic diseases like diabetes present multiple comorbidities and have significant medical and economic implications. The different effects do cause a significant problem to the patients. Diabetes can be able to cause a significant loss to the patients and even make their general health in a big risk (GÃ ¦de, Lund-Andersen and Parving 582). The different medication that is used for the treatment of this disease can have other effects to the patients. These effects can either be positive or negative (Hills and Parizkova 269). It is the responsibility of the patient to be able to ensure the medication is taken in the right way and is combined with a good diet. Some of the effects are as shown below. One of the common effects of the disease is Sulfonylureas. It is whereby the patient face issues like stomach upset, low blood pressure, weight gain and skin rash. This problem may be able to make the person uncomfortable. It might also cause obesity if the person is not careful with the diet (Jacobson 426). Another problem that can be able to attack the patients is Metformin. It will be able to make the patient suffer from kidney complications, upset stomach, tiredness, alcohol sickness, metal taste or dizziness (Keller and Heymsfied 1069). Diabetes medication is also known for causing Meglitinides. The symptoms of this problem include weight gain and low blood pressure. These symptoms may be able to lead other issues

Definition of marketing research and processes

Definition of marketing research and processes The European Society For Opinion and Marketing Research identify market research as the systematic and objective identification, collection, analysis, and dissemination of information for improving decision-marketing related to the identification and solution of problems and opportunities in marketing.(Malhotra. N and Birks. D 2000) In the book marketing research an integrated approach, Alan Wilson also point out marketing research is about to provide information which should focus on customers, markets and competitors. That information will be used for making marketing decisions. Those information should be collected by wide range of sources and techniques, and then analysis, developed and applied. Marketing research also involves communication and dissemination, which will affect the decision makers and interested parties. Marketing research process There are seven steps in marketing research process: define the research problem, determine the research design, choose the method for collecting primary data, design the sample, collect the data, analyze and interpret the data, prepare the research report. Though those steps, marketers will make conversant decisions or reduce the risk of their decisions. Define the research problem In this step, the target of marketing research should be clarified. Research problem definition involves expressing the general problem and discovering the detail constituent of the general problem. Alan Wilson mentioned six issues must be considered in this step, the market environment, competitors reaction, organizations own plan, the effectiveness of companys previous marketing activities, the nature of new products and customer behavior. Define the research problem has been considered as the most important step in a marketing research project. Research can only be designed and carried out if the research problem has been clarified. Joselyn considered nothing is more important to satisfy customers requests than identify the correct research problem. All the following steps of marketing research process would be wastes if the beginning of the research, define the research problem, is misapprehended. A good metaphor of identify the research problem is compared to doctors give patients medicine and treatment. Illness can only be cured when right medicine has been given, wrong medicine sometimes is even more dangerous than the illness, and the most important thing for a doctor is to identify the illness. That is the same situation as marketing research process. Define the research problem also can be seen as a communication between decision makers and marketing researchers. Researchers offer research supports as the decision makers require. Determine the research design After the problem has been clarified by marketers, to design the research is the next step of the whole research process. A research process is a blueprint for managing a marketing research process. It provides details of information for figuring out the research problem. There are two general research design categories, secondary research and primary research. Secondary research is collecting secondary data which is some information collected before for some other problems, not directly for the current research problem. There are two ways to collect secondary data, internal data and external data. Internal data is information inside organization, which collect from sales report, consumer information. External data is the informations resource from outside company; the resource could from public newspaper or other organizations report. Secondary research is widely used in marketing research process, the main reason of that is secondary data is easily collected and also the low cost of the research process. Malhotra mentioned in his book there also seven advantages that secondary data can help marketers. First it can help marketers to identify the research problem. Second, it can develop an access to the problem. Third, it also helps marketers to create a sampling plan. Fourth, it will explicate a suitable research design. Fifth, research questions can be answered by using secondary data. Sixth, primary data will be interpreted by secondary data with more penetration. Last, it can improve qualitative research results. The disadvantages of secondary research are also very obvious. Too many data have been collect during research; most of them are not even related to the research problem, so it will take marketers a lot of time to select and analysis these data. Primary research is using observation, qualitative or quantitative research to collect primary data. Primary data is defined as a kind of data originated by the researcher specifically to address the research problem. Three methods mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph are quite different from each other. Observation research Observation research collects data without any questions been asked to research targets. Researchers become the witness of targets behavior, such as childrens behavior with a new toy, or TV viewing patterns. The observation research can be divided into several categories, 1, natural versus contrived observation. 2, visible versus hidden observation. 3, Structured versus unstructured observation. 4, mechanized versus human observation. 5, participant versus non-participant. Qualitative research Qualitative research is a less structured research process, which involves small samples of individuals. The purpose of qualitative research is to understand targets, not to measure them. Malhotra considered qualitative research is based on at least two intellectual traditions. One of them is building up ideas and combining methods from psychology. The other is the set of idea and associated methods from sociology and anthropology. Both of these two traditions are related to the development of communication between researchers and those been researched. Researchers chose qualitative research for four reasons. First, in some research, questions are involved privacy or negative feeling that the research target unwilling to give answers to them. Qualitative research question are not full structured questionnaires, by giving these kind of questions can avoid the issues that people dont want to be asked. Second, subconscious feelings have huge affect on responders answers. Such as emotion , motivation or ego, these could always drive the thoughts, when responders try to answer the questions. Third, complex phenomena. With full structured questions, respondents sometimes have difficulties to find out the main propose of those questions, or they could just describe the situations but can explain the reasons to them. Last reason to use qualitative research is the holistic dimension. For example, a restaurant is doing a research about the satisfaction when customers having meal in the restaurant. The atmosphere that the consumers feel is the key issue to the research. And atmosphere can involve the music in the restaurant, the style of the furniture, other customers, serves been provided. One question cant cover all these points, but with small individual questions each part of the atmosphere can be asked, by join all these qualitative questions, the holistic view is build up. Alan Wilson described several types of research most suited to qualitative research in his book. Qualitative research is commonly used in three areas: exploratory research, new product development and creative development research. Exploratory research Exploratory research always been used when a company decide to improve the understanding of consumer behaviors, emotions, attitudes and preference. For instance, more than one characteristic that the researchers would like to understand though the exploratory, they are: consumer perceptions of a product field, identifying service or product improvements, the decision making process, dimensions that differentiate brands, product usage patterns and behavior and customer segments. Using qualitative research in exploratory research will help the organization with object or information defines. New product development In the new product development stage, qualitative research is also quite useful. It is effective to use qualitative research to find out the reaction of customers about the new product concepts and designs. In the stage of developing the concept into a communicable form, it is the time to use qualitative research to determine if the concept is developable, or guide the designers to improve the concept. Later stage of product development can also use qualitative research, such as stage of design the paradigm of new product, or their packaging. Using qualitative research can help researchers build up confidence that the new product is developing though the right way. Creative development research Qualitative research is very important in creative development research; it can assist in creating execution of advertising and promotion. Advertising agency uses qualitative research to know the relationship between customers and products or brands. As same as advertising, in an organizations promotion plan, qualitative research can help the organization to achieve the communication objectives. Not only promotion but also the integrated marketing communication plan (IMC plan), which contents promotion and four other steps. Feedbacks, which could test the effectiveness of the IMC plan, are received though qualitative research. Quantitative research Quantitative research is a full structured research approach, which involves large sample of individuals. The purpose of quantitative research is to measure the widespread of same attitudes and behaviors. Choose the method for collecting primary data In this step marketers will choose their method to collect primary data. All the methods can be divided into two kinds, survey method and observation method. Survey method. Survey method always involves three things, question, interviewer and respondent. The survey method can be divided into four categories by how does the questions been asked by the interviewers to the respondent. Postal survey In postal survey, selected responders will receive a mail with questionnaires, covering letter return envelope inside. Although the postal survey is a very important survey method and has been used for long time, the response rates are not high; it is between 20% to 50%. There are some advantages and disadvantages been list out by peter chisnall Advantages: Nation and international coverage Low cost No interviewer bias Respondent convenience Good for ongoing research Piggybacking Disadvantages: Low response rate Biased response Long respond time Inflexible questionnaire Unclear of who is responding Telephone survey The majority of telephone surveys are taken for customer-type research and business to business. All interviewers stay in a same place call centre location, all the calls are made though the phones in centre location, this makes the interviewers been easily controlled. Fast and low cost are the other main advantages of this survey method. On the other hand, the disadvantages also very obvious, for example, short interview time can make a lot of misunderstandings to the question, sometimes customers do not answer the call, and consumers who do not have a phone cant be interviewed. These days more and more marketers pretend doing telephone survey but in fact trying to sell their products to the responders. This situation makes customers more unwilling to pick up phones to do telephone surveys. Face to face interviews There are three types of face to face interviews, in-home or doorstep, executive and street. They all share same advantages, such as; it is easier for interviewers to motivate respondents to complete the survey; long questions can only be used through this kind of survey; interview can easily tell if the responders have difficulties in understanding of the question; the interviewer can use different materials to help with the survey. To the opposite side, the major disadvantages are the high cost that the interview could take and the interviewer bias a problem. Online questionnaires This is a new kind of survey method compare to the three methods analysis above. The keep increasing number of internet users makes online survey more and more popular. Like the telephone survey, the online survey also very fast and lost low. It is not like face to face interview because there is no interview bias but also different materials can be used during the survey. Observation method Observation method is quite different from survey method. It does not communicate with the people; interviewers only have to record the respondents reaction, behavior and attitude. It could happen in a natural or contrived environment. Compare observation method to survey method, the major advantage is; there are no reporting bias and potential bias in observation method. And the main disadvantage of observation is, it is only useful to measure or record behavior and attitude. Design the sample Sample is a subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study (Malhotra, N. 1999). Design a sample in fact is a process of answering five questions: What type of people is going to do this study? Where those people are coming from? How to select these people? How many people are here in the study? How to represent the information collected from the study? By answering the five questions, the sample design process can be divided into six steps: Define the population Determine the sampling frame Select sampling techniques Determine the sample size Execute the sampling process Validate the sample

Headaches :: essays research papers fc

The website that I am writing my paper on is http://www.healthsquare.com/headaches5.htm and it is called â€Å"What Triggers Headaches†? The website tells all the different things that can cause headaches, such as anxiety, stress, emotions, and a person’s diet. The article also mentions that the four leading factors that lead to headaches, from a questionnaire, are anxiety, glare, noise and anger. I believe that most of the things the site mentions do cause headaches. Caffeine, I believe, causes me the most headaches. I think that anxiety being first is correct because anxiety and stress does seem to cause more headaches, besides caffeine, than anything else. Having emotional stress seems to cause some of my headaches. The article mentions that emotional stress doesn’t cause headaches; however, it makes us more susceptible to them. The reason we are more susceptible to headaches is due to our mind influencing our body, which is called a psychosomatic condition. I can definitely go along with this because our mind is very powerful. As a wise person once said, â€Å"Mind over matter†. The article goes on to mention that sinuses, contrary to popular belief, are not usually the culprits in causing the headache. I always have blamed sinus troubles, or caffeine consumption, for the headaches that I have. The article mentions that many people think that it is the sinuses that are causing the headaches because migraine and cluster headaches can cause the same symptoms that people with sinus infections experience. This is surprising news to me, since all my life, I have been told that sinus infections cause headaches. There are many causes for headaches and some people have them more than others.

Tender-Invitation to Treat-Contract Law

Contract Law Presented by Kerra Bazzey Contract Law Formation of a Contract Terms of a Contract Discharge of a Contract Remedies for Breach of a Contract Formation of a Valid and Enforceable Contract Offer Acceptance Consideration Intention to Create Legal Relations Privity of Contract Capacity to Contract Must not be illegal or contrary to public policy Formation of a Contract A contract is an agreement which creates legal rights and obligations between the parties to it. It is formed when the parties reach agreement on the essential features of the bargain.Offer – a statement made by a party which manifests an intention to be bound on precise terms. The person who makes an offer is known as the offeror or the promisor. The person to whom the promise is made is the offeree or the promisee. Bilateral contracts – most common form of contract – here there is an exchange of promises. Unilateral contracts – commonly known as an ‘if’ contract †“ here the promise is one-sided as the offeror alone makes a promise. Elements of an Offer (i) An offer can be made to an individual, a group of persons or to the public at large.An offer to the public at large can only be made where the contract is a unilateral one. (ii) An offer should not be vague. Where on the face of it an offer appears to be vague, but the parties have had prior dealings or are operating in a particular trade, then the courts will imply certain terms and conditions to conclude that a statement that initially appeared vague is in fact sufficiently certain. (iii) A response in request to clarification on price or a request for more information is not an offer. Elements of an Offer Consider the following exchange: – H: â€Å"Will you sell us your farm called Bumper Hall Pen? Fax me the lowest price†? F: â€Å"Lowest price for Bumper Hall Pen is $1,200,000. 00†. -H: â€Å"We agree to buy Bumper Hall Pen for $1,200,000. 00 asked by you†. – F never replied to this. H argued there was a valid contract. -The court held that F’s statement was not an offer. – It was merely a response to a request for information which showed the lowest price that F would have been prepared to charge in the event that he chose to sell the Bumper Hall Pen. – H’s last communication could therefore not be regarded as an acceptance. Elements of an Offer (iv) If a person declares that he intends to so something, that statement of intention is not an offer.If someone acts based on what was declared, and the person who made the declaration does not carry out the act he stated he would, but the person who acted based on what was said suffers a loss, the person who suffered the loss cannot bring an action against the person who made the declaration. This is because there was never any offer so there was nothing to be accepted. Consider the following case: – An auctioneer advertised in the newspaper that he would be holding a sale of office furniture. – A broker commissioned to buy office furniture travelled from far to attend the sale but all the furniture was withdrawn. The broker sued the auctioneer for his loss of time and expenses. – Can he recover for his loss of time and expenses? – No. – The court would hold that an intention to do something does not constitute an offer geared towards create a binding contract. Invitations to Treat Invitation to Treat An offer must be distinguished from an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is an invitation to someone else to make an offer. It is not an offer because there is no intention to be legally bound. It is an invitation to negotiate. There are 4 categories of invitations to treat – advertisements in a newspaper display of goods on a shelf – auction sales – invitations to tender Invitation to Treat Advertisements As a general rule, an advertisement in a newspaper is not an of fer. It is an attempt to induce offers. This general rule is displaced where the advertiser by his word or conduct shows a clear intention to be bound, as is often the case in the unilateral contract. Display of Goods on a Shelf A store owner who displays goods on a shelf with the price attached does not make an offer. He is merely inviting the public to make an offer to buy the goods at the price stated. Auction SaleThe general rule is that in an auction sale, when the auctioneer invites bids, this is not an offer but an invitation to treat. When the bidder responds with a bid, he is in fact making an offer and the auctioneer is then free to accept or reject this. Invitation to Treat Invitation to Tender Generally a request to tender will be considered as an invitation to treat. Any tender document which is submitted in response to this request is an offer and the invitee of the tender is then free to accept whichever offer he chooses. Termination of an Offer (i) Revocation or with drawal of an offer by the offeror (ii) Counter offer (iii)Lapse of time (iv) Death (v) Non-fulfilment of a condition precedent Termination of an Offer (i) Revocation – A revocation is a withdrawal of an offer. An offer can be revoked at any time before it is accepted because there is no binding contract before acceptance. An offer cannot be revoked after it has been accepted. A revocation must be communicated to the offeree to be effective. If it is not, and the offeree accepts, there will be a contract. Termination of an Offer Consider the following: By letter dated 1st October, A offered to sell goods to B. – B received the offer on 11th October and immediately accepted by fax. Prior to that, on 8th October A wrote a letter revoking the offer. He mailed this and B received it on 20th October. – Is there a contract? – Yes. The court would hold that the revocation came too late and was not effective until it had reached B. A contract was made when B faxed his acceptance. Termination of an Offer The revocation does not have to be communicated to the offeree by the offeror himself. It is enough if the offeree learns of the revocation from a source which he believes to be reliable. A mere request for additional information does not destroy an offer. Consider the following example:A offered to sell B goods at $100,000 per ton and stated that the offer would remain open until Monday. – Early on Monday B telephoned A and asked him to indicate whether he would accept ‘$100,000 per ton for delivery over two months or if not, the longest limit he would give. In other words, he was asking whether he could buy the goods on credit. Termination of an Offer – A did not respond. – On Monday afternoon B contacted A to accept the offer and found out that A had sold the goods to a third party. – Was there is breach of contract? – Yes. – The enquiry was not a counter offer but a request for further infor mation.A’s offer had not been terminated. Termination of an Offer Counter Offer Lapse of Time Where an offer is stated to be open for a specified time only, once that time expires and the other party has not responded, then the offer automatically ends. If no time is stipulated, the offer may lapse after a reasonable time. Death Where the offeror dies before the offer is accepted by the offeree, the offer is terminated. If the offer is accepted before the offeror dies, it may be enforceable against the estate if it is not of a personal nature. Elements of a Valid Acceptance AcceptanceA contract can only exist when there is consensus ad idem, that is, a meeting of the minds. This is where the acceptance merges with the offer. An offeror can prescribe that the acceptance must occur in a particular manner, eg by post or hand delivered or by telephone. An acceptance to an offer is only effective if it is communicated to and received by the offeror. If something impacts upon the a bility of the offeror to receive word of the acceptance, for example, because of interference on the phone line or because the offeree is unable to speak clearly, then there is no contract.Elements of a Valid Acceptance Silence does not amount to acceptance. Consider the following example. B placed a house with an auctioneer to find a buyer. Subsequently A began to negotiate directly with B for the purchase of the house. The only outstanding matter was the question of the price. A stated â€Å"if I do not hear from you I shall assume that the house is mine at $X. † When B heard this he told the auctioneer not to sell the house. In error, the auctioneer sold it to another person. A sued in conversion (a tort alleging wrongful disposal of property).Although B’s actions suggested that he was in effect accepting B’s offer, the court held that there was no contract because he never communicated this acceptance to A. His silence did not amount to acceptance. There was therefore no contract. Elements of a Valid Acceptance An acceptance of an offer must be absolute and unqualified. If it does not accept all the terms of the contract as originally set out, it will be a rejection of the offer. Where the offeree introduces a new term which the offeror never mentioned he introduces a counter offer.A counter offer effectively puts an end to the original offer and it cannot be accepted later. Example – A offers to sell a house to B for $1,800,000. 00. B asks A whether he will accept $1,500,000. This request by B is a counter offer which has effectively brought the original offer to an end. There is therefore nothing open for B to accept and A is free to sell to a 3rd party. Acceptance When a counter offer is accepted then its terms and not the terms of the original offer become the terms of the contract. Example B and M agreed to enter into a formal contract after a series of negotiations.M sent the terms of the contract to B for signature. B sig ned the agreement but amended it by inserting the name of an arbitrator who would be used to settle any disputes. The contract was never formally executed but each party acted in accordance with the agreed terms. When a dispute arose under the contract, B sought to argue that there was no binding contract. The court held that the insertion of the name of the arbitrator was in fact a counter offer. Once M took delivery of goods in accordance with the terms of the contract, its conduct amounted to an acceptance of the counter offer. Acceptance Subject to Contract’ means that the parties do not intend to bind themselves until a formal document has been drafted and signed. The effect is no rights or legal obligations are imposed on either party. Acceptance The Postal Rule A distinction is drawn between an acceptance through instantaneous means and one in a contract by post. The post office rule constitutes the post office as an agent of the offeror. It states that when an accepta nce is placed under the lawful control of the post office, it is effective even without actual physical delivery to the offeror. The postal rule applies to acceptance only and not to offers.Acceptance Consider the following example: A posted an offer to B on 2nd September. That letter contained a clause which stated that A expected a response by the post. The letter was incorrectly addressed and reached B on the 5th September. B sent off a letter at once agreeing to all the terms contained in the offer. On the 8th September, A not having heard from B, sold the item to a third party. Was there a breach of contract? Yes, because a contract had been completed on the 5th September when B posted the letter of acceptance. The post office was the agent of A, the offeror and had received the acceptance on his behalf.

United States Law - About the United States Code

United States Law - About the United States Code The United States Code is the official compilation of all general and permanent federal laws enacted by the U.S. Congress through the legislative process. The laws compiled into the United States Code should not be confused with federal regulations, which are created by the various federal agencies to enforce the laws enacted by Congress.The United States Code is arranged under headings called titles, with each title containing laws pertaining to particular subjects such as The Congress, The President, Banks and Banking and Commerce and Trade. The current (Spring 2011) United States Code is made up of 51 titles, ranging from Title 1: General Provisions, to the most-recently added, Title 51: National and Commercial Space Programs. Federal crimes and legal procedures are covered under Title 18 - Crimes and Criminal Procedure of the United States Code. Background In the United States, laws can be enacted by the federal government, as well as all local, county and state governments. All laws enacted by all levels of government must be written, enacted and enforced according to the rights, freedoms and responsibilities contained in the U.S. Constitution. Compiling the United States Code As the final step of the U.S. federal legislative process, once a bill has been passed by both the House and Senate, it becomes an enrolled bill and is sent to the President of the United States who may either sign it into law or veto it. Once laws have been enacted, they are incorporated into the United States Code as follows: The official text of new laws is sent to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) - a division of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).The OFR confirms that the official text of the laws is accurate and authorizes the Government Printing Office (GPO) to distribute the text as Public and Private Laws, also called slip laws.Volumes of enacted laws are assembled annually by the National Archivist and published by the GPO in a form called the United States Statutes at Large. In the Statutes at Large, the laws have not been arranged by subject matter and do not include amendments that might have been made to earlier laws. However, every law, public and private, ever enacted by the Congress is published in the Statutes at Large in order of the date of its passage. Since the Statutes at Large are not organized by subject matter, or dependably updated when laws are repealed or amended, they are extremely hard to search and are of little use to researchers. To the rescue comes the United States Code, maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC)  of the U.S. House of Representatives. The LRC takes the laws or statutes added to the Statutes at Large and determines which ones are new and which existing laws have been amended, repealed or have expired. The LRC then incorporates the new laws and changes into the United States Code. Accessing the United States Code There two most widely used and dependable sources for accessing the most current version on the Untied States Code are: The Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC): Maintained by the House of Representatives, the LRC is the only official source of the most current versions of statutes and amendments in the United States Code.   Cornell University School of Law LII: Cornells LLI - Legal Information Institute - is often cited as the most linked to web resource in the field of law and its United States Code index certainly lives up to that reputation. Along with several conveniently arranged indexes and flexible ways to search the Code, each page of the Code features a How Current is This? button providing researchers with the most current updates. LLI tries to incorporate any new laws or amendments authorized by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel within 24 hours. The United States Code does not include federal regulations issued by executive branch agencies, decisions of the federal courts, treaties, or laws enacted by state or local governments. Regulations issued by executive branch agencies are available in the Code of Federal Regulations. Proposed and recently adopted regulations may be found in the Federal Register. Comments on proposed federal regulations may be viewed and submitted on the Regulations.gov website.

How To Get Help In Windows essays

How To Get Help In Windows essays Almost all computers now have some version of Windows installed on them. When you have a question about how to do something, usually you can find the answer in Windows help. Windows help contains complete walk-through procedures, definitions of terms, and search capabilities. The first step to getting help is clicking the start button the taskbar. This is the first button on the taskbar. It is labeled start. Then you can click help. A dialog box opens with the contents tab in the front. From here you can select different topics that are in book format. Each book has several pages that are labeled with different topics. Most topics have a small button in the left corner labeled related topics. This provides links to other topics in the database. When you are finished, click close to close the book. The second tab in Windows help is labeled index. This allows you to search for a topic based on an index provided by the application being helped, in this case, Windows. You type the first letters of the word you are looking for, and you get an index list. You click on the topic that best matches what you typed. Click display to open the topic in a new Window. When you are finished, you can click the X in the upper right-hand corner to close help. The third tab is labeled find. It works almost the same as index. Find allows you to construct word and phrase queries to locate to locate help topics. The find setup wizard will build the database. Usually the minimized database size works well. The find page is displayed after you build the word list. You type in the words youre looking for, and then click on a topic that fits what youre looking for. Again click display on the bottom left of the window. This will open your help topic. When finished, close the help window. If you run into problems when using Windows help, there are a couple of things that you can do. If the computer locks up, pre...

Position paper base on a recent issue related to the constitution and Research

Position base on a recent issue related to the constitution and the executive branch - Research Paper Example d effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Dahl, 2003). It is all about privacy in the search and seizure provisions of the 4th amendment. The amendment simply provides protection against searches and seizures in criminal investigations by federal or state law enforcers that are unreasonable in nature. Any evidence obtained in a criminal investigation case in the course of search for seizure is unlawful if it cannot be of use at the court trial of the individual from whom the evidence was confiscated (Billias, 2009). In the Fourth Amendment, for an arrest or search to take place, the warrant must be approved judicially. Basically, searches must plainly be reasonable and the warrant necessity ought to have been clearly stressed and pointed out. The Fourth Amendment is only applicable to governmental searches and seizures in criminal investigations but not to the ones done by private establishments or nationals who are not acting on behalf of a government. I am in support of the Fourth Amendment due to a number of reasons. Firstly, the amendment is beneficial to citizens because it offers them protection against governmental actions that are unreasonable in nature (Harper, 2007). For instance, particular guidelines have to be met in the issuance of a warrant for it to be considered legal and must be strictly complied to protect the citizen and the law enforcer. Those who framed the constitution saw that intrusions by governmental agencies in cases involving criminal investigation encroached on the rights of the public. In previous times, it was common for officials to harass average citizens who had no means of preventing searches and seizures that were unwarranted. The 4th Amendment is of great importance as it constitutes legal representation of

SWOT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SWOT - Assignment Example 23). The current situation indicates brand visibility, loyalty, preference and pricing as the main factors that influence choice of the organization. Brand strength is vital in improving the competitive advantage and in turn offset the increasing competition. The approach by the company in the last five years has been the milestone in the establishment of a global brand (Crane & Matten, 2007, p. 102). Despite the positives, the company has several key weaknesses that could lead to serious problem in case of the increase global financial crisis. The company relies heavily on overseas markets which may be affected by the increasing financial crisis and recess. The major opportunity existing in the Asian market is low penetration and improved income levels leading to continuous jumps in the demand for services. This is an opportunity that can be grasped to increase profitability. Additionally, manufacturing units in Europe have huge capacities in line with their vast domestic automobile output. Cross-cultural disharmony is created through the integration of different cultures. The occurrence of disharmony creates a challenge for the corporation and may result in serious problems if not properly solved. Additionally, the rising commodity price is a major threat for the company because it increases the production cost. Holiday packages are developed by tour operators and consist of transport and accommodation that are advertised and sold out as a single item. It may include other services such as car renting. This idea was begun by Thomas Cook in the 19th century. The idea has been used in the tourism sector for several years and is still being used in the promotion of services (Hollensen, 2007, p. 63). Holiday packages should not lead to losses in a business profits. Family packages are rare but provide opportunity for business. The

Cosmetic Surgery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cosmetic Surgery - Research Paper Example It can signify a new age of perfection-hunters, as standard-weight females cut an inch of superfluous fat out of their thighs or trench their sensation bras for bigger breasts—currently the most fashionable insidious procedure (Thompson 24-56). On the other hand, psychologists along with surgeons panic that numerous patients do not completely grasp the importance or prospective risks of these surgeries. â€Å"Individuals believe it is like departing for lunch,† claims Ane Wallace, Principal of plastic operation at Institution of higher education of California, San Diego medical structure. â€Å"Similar to any surgery, it requires to be taken critically (Neligan 44-890) One current research discovered that liposuction might thin one problem part while developing another. Young females who suction fat out of their thighs as well as lower abdomen eventually demolish their fat cells. When they ultimately put mass back on, it allocates unequally—frequently to less flattering sections such as the higher abdomen, back as well as arms (Neligan 44-890). Likewise, Wallace cautions that changing one characteristic at times takes away the emergence of others. A stomach tuck can result in thighs the thighs to become non-proportional, whereas plumped lips can create a usual sized nose unexpectedly seem obtrusive. Wallace has come across situations where Botox vaccination, which paralyzes specific facial physique, made the other functioning muscles to look extraordinarily strong and â€Å"odd.† Alarming still are the possible abnormalities. Marilyn Leiss considered she was going through an easy process to her eyes; 29 operations afterward she is still incapable of blinking. Meanwhile, a spoiled face-lift badly destroyed the nervous system of UK business lady Peny Johnson, who misplaced her commerce and became a hermit (Neligan 44-890). safe, â€Å"the results

The Bicycle Thief Essay Example for Free

The Bicycle Thief Essay The Bicycle Thief is probably the best known and most highly praised of all the Italian Neorealist films of its era. The films of the Neorealist movement were characterized by several primary ideas. Instead of featuring stories focusing on glitz and glamour, Neorealist films focused on the poor and the working class. Instead of building and fabricating complex sets to film on, they did their filming on location. And instead of trying to get the most well known, highly paid celebrity actors, they frequently used people that weren’t even professional actors and had no training for their starring roles. This all helped lend a sense of realism and weight to the stories. The Bicycle Thief takes place in Rome during a period where the unemployment rate was high and men struggled to support their families. In the film, an unemployed man, Antonio Ricci (played by factory worker Lamberto Maggiorani, in true Neorealist fashion), catches a lucky break and manages to land a job pasting up posters around the city. The only catch is that he needs to own a bike. Being that he already sold his bike to a pawn shop for much needed cash, his wife sells all the bed sheets from their home to scrounge up just enough money to get the bike back. There’s a great shot in this scene where we see an enormous shelf containing hundreds of sheets; a subtle way of showing us that the protagonist is just one of many in similar desperate situations. Antonio gets his bike back and starts his job the next day. Unfortunately, just like in real life, things usually don’t go as planned. While he’s gluing up a poster, a hoodlum dashes by, snags his bike, and takes off with it. Antonio desperately chases after the man, knowing that if he loses his bike, he loses his job, and his family will starve. Try as he might however, the thief manages to escape. He reports the theft to the police, confident that they can help him recover it, but they basically tell him to go look for it himself. The film really tries to highlight the social and moral landscape of the time; if you’re at the bottom of the totem pole, you’re either a target or just one of the faceless millions to be ignored. With no other choice, Antonio takes to the streets and searches for his bike for hours, but comes up empty handed. The scene where he and his son are caught in the rain, soaked and downtrodden, as all around him people on their bikes are riding away really makes poignant the hopelessness of his situation. After trying everything he can think of to get any leads on the thief or the location of his bike, go so far as to even spend what little money he has left on a fortune teller, he happens to bump into the thief in question walking down the street. He chases and finally corners him, but the thief refuses to confess anything and his family and friends defend him from the furious Antonio. The cops arrive, and yet again, they are of no help. They can’t do anything for Antonio as he has no concrete evidence of the crime. Pushed to the final point of desperation, Antonio realizes he has no choice left but to stoop to the lowest level and steal a bike if he doesn’t want his family to starve. He tries to snatch one but is almost immediately taken down by witnesses and held until the police arrive. Seeing Antonio’s son distraught and in tears, the man doesn’t press charge and lets him off the hook. Antonio and his son walk off, both of them in tears, completely hopeless and beaten by society at every turn. This is what Italian Neorealism is all about. For millions upon millions of people living in poverty, real life doesn’t have a happy end. No matter how hard you struggle, sometimes there’s ultimately nothing you can do to alter your fate. And The Bicycle Thief really shows an extremely poignant example of this in the small vignette of Antonio’s life.

Dangerous Secrets Exposed in Susan Griffins Our Secret Essay -- Susan

Dangerous Secrets Exposed in Griffin's Our Secret    Secrets are apart of every human being. Even children, in their earliest years in this world, learn how to bury secrets in their hearts. In Susan Griffin's "Our Secret," she explores the subconscious, aiming particularly at the dark secrets that lie in the abyss of the human heart. Griffin claims that the darkest secrets of each person are similar in the sense that these secrets are perverted and prejudiced thoughts. These concealed evils are so deeply imbedded that people forget or choose to forget the existence of these malicious thoughts. However, these are often the thoughts that will encourage a person to take to violence. Griffin believes that people share similar forms of hidden desires, biases, and savageness. The effects of keeping these evil human characteristics deeply buried also have similar effects on the different individuals. Even the way of countering the negative effects caused by these locked up secrets are common among the "family" and the "statesman and bombers." 1 Although each person has an element of individuality, people are not all that different from one another in their basic desires. Everyone is a product of the "DNA molecule," and everyone has been a "fertilized egg" (Our Secret 363, 365). There are numerous traits shared by everyone, and one of which is people's capacity to have and hide their perverted thoughts. Everyone is capable of having depraved thoughts, and these thoughts are not so different from one person to another. Griffin's grandfather keeps "a stack of magazines" of "women or girls uncovered in ditches, hacked to pieces or other wise mutilated" that he does not allow Griffin to look at (335). These magazines indicate that Gr... ...o realized too late. Like Griffin says, "family secrets mingle with the secrets of statesman and bomber" in the sense that the secrets may vary among individuals in context, but many different secrets share the same effect on people. These secrets and desires that people keep inside are dangerous sources of violence and malice, and there is virtually no way to be rid of these hidden evils. People may often be provoked to hurt, and these are the times when people need to look into their anger and see the pain that they can cause by releasing their rage physically. This is perhaps the only way to stop violence in a person, whether he is just a simple man, the president, or an emperor. Works Cited: Griffin, Susan. â€Å"Our Secret†. Ways of Reading Eds. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Sixth edition. Boston. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002.

Biology Lab

Lab   #1   ? Introduction   to   the   Microscopy   & Observation   of   Prokaryotic   and   Eukaryotic Cells Introduction Many   of   the   cells   and   organisms   that   you   will   be   studying   are   at   the   lower   limits   of   visibility   of   light   microscopes;   therefore,   it   is   extremely   important   that   you   attain   critical   lighting   and   focussing. It   is   also   important   to   handle   the   microscope   competently   to   avoid   damaging   either   the   microscope   or   the   preparation   you   are   studying. Even   students   who   have   previously   used   microscopes  should  read  the  instructions  carefully. Guide  Biolabo Using a web rowser, go to   the   following   web   site: http://salinella. bio. uottawa. ca/biolabo/   (you   can   try   it   from   home). Under   Microscopy   you   will   find   links   to   pages   that   describe   both   type   of   microscopes   you   will   use   this   semester,   as   well   as   how   to   set   up   and   use   them. It   is   strongly   recommended   that   you   visit   these   pages   prior   to   attending  your  first  lab. Image  J  /  Qcapture Although   you   can   make   all   your   observations   by   watching   directly   through   the   oculars,   it   also   can   be   done   on   the   computer   screen   using   the   digital   camera   attached   to   each   microscope.For   that,   you   will   use   the   Image   J   program   together   with   a   capture   plugin called   Qcapture. Visit   the   lab   website   to   learn   how   to   use   Image   J   (link   on   the   homepage). All   observations   can   be   made   on   your  computer   screen   or   in   the   oculars. Each   method   has   its   advantages   and   drawbacks;   you   will   have   to   choose   which   one  it  more  appropriate  (or  the  one  you  prefer): Oculars Screen ? Greater  resolution ? Wider  field  of  view ? Can  share  observation  with  others ? More  comfortable  for  users ? Take  pictures  while  observing Lab1  ? Microscopy The  Compound  Microscope On   the   Guide   Biolabo   page   click   on   the   CX41   Compound   Microscope   link   then   on   Parts   and   Function. This   will   bring   up   a   labelled   line   diagram   of   your   microscope. Familiarize   yourself   with   the   various   components   shown   in   this   figure. Then,   click   on   Setup   and   Bright   field   alignment   in   order   to   know  how  to  use  and  handle  the  microscope. Now,   locate   your   compound   microscope   in   the   cupboard   below   the   sink   of   your   workstation. Place   it   on   the   counter   between   the omputer   and   the   end  of  the  counter. Be  sure  that  whenever  you  transport  the  microscope,  it   is   always   kept   upright;   the   ocular   lens   will   fall   out   if   the   scope   is   tilted   or   swung. Even   though   you   don’t   need   the   dissecting   microscope   right   now,   take   it   out  of  the  cupboard  and  install  it  beside  the  compound  microscope. Connect   one   firewire   cable   to   each   of   the   cameras   installed   on   top   of   the   microscopes. This  way,  everything  is  setup  for  further  observations  both  on   your  computer  screen  and  through  the  oculars. Parts  of  the  compound  microscopeThe   microscope   consists   of   a   system   of   lenses,   a   light   source,   and   a   geared   mechanism   for   adjusting   the   distance   between   the   lens   system   and   object   being   observed. There   are   a   number   of   important   components   and   it   is   essential   that   you   be   able   to   identify   them   and   understand   their   function   before  you  can  proceed. By  going  through  the  different  modules  in  Biolabo   and   using   the   microscope   you   will   develop   a   competency   for   bright   field   microscopy. Identify   the   following   components   using   Biolabo   (Parts   andà ‚   functions   figure)  and  your  microscope:REVOLVING  NOSEPIECE:  Supports  the  various  objectives  ? You  will  only  use   the  4x,  10x  and  40x  objectives  in  the  BIO1140  labs  (not  the  100x). STAGE:   Supports   the   specimen   being   observed. A   system   of   knobs   on   the   side   of   the   stage   allows   you   to   move   the   specimen   under   the   objective   on   the  X  and  Y  axes. Try  and  move  the  stage. COARSE   FOCUS   KNOB:   Permits   rapid   change   in   distance   between   the   specimen   and   the   objective   thereby   allowing   for   rough   focussing   –   Do   not   use  when  focusing  with  the  40x  objectiveFINE   FOCUS   KNOB:   Permits   small   changes   in   distance   between   the   specimen   and   the   obje ctive   and   thereby   allows   for   final   focussing   of   the   image. 10 Lab1  ? Microscopy OCULAR   OR   EYEPIECE:   A   magnifying   element   in   the   microscope,   usually   10X. It   is   through   the   ocular,   or   eyepiece   that   one   looks   at   the   specimen. All   our   microscopes   are   parfocal,   so   that   when   an   object   is   in   focus   with   one   objective,   the   focus   will   not   be   completely   lost   when   changing   to   the   next  objective. OBJECTIVES:  The  magnifying  element  which  is  closest  to  the  specimen.See   figure  1  to  find  out  about  the  engravings  on  the  side  of  each  objective. CONDENSER:   System   of   lenses   that   concentrates   the   light   furnished   by   the   illuminator. It  does  not  magnif y  the  object. CONDENSER   HEIGHT   ADJUSTMENT   KNOB:   Allows   one   to   focus   the   concentrated  light  onto  the  specimen. APERTURE  IRIS  DIAPHRAGM:  Used  to  reduce  glare  from  unwanted  light  by   adjusting  the  angle  of  the  cone  of  light  that  comes  from  the  condenser; Production  of  Image  by  a  Compound  Microscope The   most   important   part   of   a   microscope   is   the   objective.All   the   other   parts  of  the  instrument  are  designed  to  help  the  objective  produce  the  best   possible  image. The  best  image  is  not  the  largest;  it  is  the  clearest. There  is   no   value   to   a   high   magnification. If   the   resolution   is   poor   you   will   have   no   better  understanding  of  the  specimen. light  beam ocularà ‚  lens Magnification Numerical  aperture  (NA) Determines   the   resolving power  of  the  objective* Optical   tube   length   /   max. coverslip  thickness  in  mm prism objective  lens specimen condenser  lens Figure  1:  Objectives  engravings light  sourceFigure  2:  Image  production  in  a  compound  microscope. 11 Lab1  ? Microscopy *Resolving  power  is  the  ability  to  see  two  objects  that  are  very  close  as  two   separate  objects. The  human  eye  will  resolving  power  is  about  100 µm. Using  the  compound  microscope Always   handle   the   microscope   GENTLY! It   is   an   expensive,   delicate   and   heavy   instrument. Carry   it   with   two   hands,   one   hand   on   the   arm,   and   the   other   hand   under   the   base. If   the   ocular   or   objective   is   dir ty,   wipe   it   clean   using   ONLY   Kimwipes   or   special   lens   tissue   and   cleaning   fluid   supplied.If   you   use   anything   else   you   may   scratch   the   lens. Wipe   up   any   cleaning   fluid   immediately;   otherwise   it   will   dissolve   the   glue   which   holds   the   lens   in   place. REMEMBER,  your  demonstrator  is  here  to  help,  so†¦ ASK! 1. Make   sure   that   the   power   cord   is   plugged   into   the   back   of   your   microscope  and  into  a  power  outlet. 2. Using  the  letter  Ã¢â‚¬Å"e†Ã‚  microscope  slide  provided,  follow  steps  2  through  13   in   the   Setup   and   Bright   field   alignment   procedure   of   Biolabo. Remember,   observation  can  be  done  on  screen  or  through  the  oculars. Orientation  an d  working  distance . Starting   your   examination   with   the   4X   objective,   position   the   letter   â€Å"e†Ã‚   slide  on  the  stage. 2. Draw  what  you  see  in  the  microscope:_________________ 3. What  would  a  slide  with  the  letter  Ã¢â‚¬Å"t†Ã‚  look  like  under  the  microscope? _________________ 4. Using  the  knobs  located  on  the  side  of  the  stage  and  looking  through  the   microscope,   move   the   slide   slowly   to   the   right,   then   to   the   left. Record   your  observations. ___________________________________   5. Now,   move   the   slide   slowly   away   from   you,   then   towards   you   while   observing  through  the  microscope.Record  your  observations   ____________________________________ 6. Focus  on  the  slide  at  10X. Check  the  dist ance  between  the  objective  lens   and  your  slide  (=  the  working  distance,  see  also  the  reference  at  the  end  of   this   chapter). Now   switch   to   the   40X   objective   and   check   the   working   distance. What   happens   to   the   working   distance   as   your   magnification   increases? 12 Lab1  ? Microscopy Depth  of  field  (depth  of  focus) Lenses   have   a   depth   of   focus. It   is   the   number   of   planes   in   which   an   object   appears   to   be   in   focus.Extend   your   fist   at   arm’s   length   in   front   of   you   and   hold   your   thumb   up. Concentrate   on   your   thumb   and   notice   that   the   objects  past  your  thumb  on  the  other  side  of  the  room  are  not  clearly  seen. Similarly   withà ‚   a   microscope,   when   it   is   focussed   on   one   surface,   the   surfaces  lower  or  higher  will  be  out  of  focus. 1. Position   a   prepared   slide   with   coloured   threads   upon   the   stage. At   low   power,  4X,  focus  on  the  area  where  the  threads  cross. 2. Using  the  fine  focus  adjustment,  focus  up  and  down  slowly. 3. Repeat   using   different   objectives.What   can   you   say   about   the   depth   of   field   at   different   magnifications? Has   it   increased   or   decreased? (i. e. ,   can   you  see  more  threads  in  one  focal  plane  at  4X  or  40X? ) ____________________________________________________________ Magnification The  magnification  given  by  objectives  and  oculars  is  engraved  on  them. The   total   magnification   for   any   combination   of   objective   and   ocular   is   the   product  of  the  magnification  of  each  lens. Objective  magnification Ocular  magnification Total  Magnification Light  intensity Working  distance 4x 10x 40x High 22mm 10x 10x 100xMedium 10. 5mm 40x 10x 400x Low 0. 56mm Table1   . Comparison   magnification,   working   distance   and   brightness   at   three   different   objective  magnifications. You  also  can  calculate  the  magnification  of  your  picture  using  the  following   formula: Magnification  factor=  measured  size  of  object  =  (  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X) Actual  size  of  object 13 Lab1  ? Microscopy Specimen   size   and   Magnification   of the  picture Before   you   start   this   exercise,   make   sure   you   have   carefully   read   the   website   section   rele vant   to   the   software   you   will   use   to   take   digital   pictures  (ImageJ/Qcapture).The   goal   of   this   section   is   to   teach   you   different   techniques   that   will   allow   you   to   determine   the   size   of   objects   you’re   observing   under   the   microscope. The   general   principle   is   fairly   simple:   2   objects   have   the   same   relative   size   (expressed   as   a   ratio)   in   the   real   world   and   under   the   microscope. actual  size  of  object  A  Ã‚  Ã‚  =  on? screen  size  of  object  A  Ã‚  ? A1  =  A2     actual  size  of  object  B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on? screen  size  of  object  B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B2 The  following  exercises  are  applications   of  this  formula. Place  a  sli de  under   the   microscope.Choose   the   right   objective   and   adjust   the   focus   and   light   level. Then,  choose  a  structure  you  want  to  measure  and  take  a  picture. A? First   method:   Measuring   an   object   using   the   field   of   view  (FOV): The   simplest   way   to   determine   the   size   of   an   object   is   to   use   the   known   size  of  the  whole  field  of  view  (FOV,  the  whole  picture  from  left  to  right). 1? On   the   computer   screen   (using   a   ruler   and   without   writing   anything   of   the  screen),  measure  the  object  of  which  you  want  to  determine  the  size  (=   A2) 2? Then,  measure  the  width  of  the  whole  picture  on  the  screen  (=B2). ? Refer   to   table   2   on   page   20   to   know   the   actual   size   of   the   field   of   view   for  the  objective  you’re  using  (=B1) 4? Use  the  following  formula: Actual  size  of  the  object  (A1)  =  Actual  size  of  the  FOV  (B1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  x  Ã‚  Ã‚  on? screen  size  of  the  object  (A2) on? screen  size  of  the  FOV  (B2) Example:   On   a   snapshot   using   the   4x   objective,   an   insect   has   an   on? screen   length  of  10cm. The  whole  picture  is  20cm  wide. What  is  the  actual  size  of  the  insect? ______________________________ 14 Lab1  ? Microscopy B? Second   method:   Measuring   an   object   using   a   scale   bar  file:From   Image   J   (using   the   file   /   open   command),   open   the   file   that   contains   the   relevant   scale   bar   in   the    (T:/BIO/BIO1140):   new10X. jpg   for   the   10x   objective,  and  new40X. jpg  (for  the  4x  and  40x  objectives). Then,   using   a   ruler   measure   the   following   distances   directly   on   the   computer  screen: 1? The   on? screen   length   (or   width)   of   the   object   whose   size   you   wish   to   determine  (=A2) 2? The  width  of  the  scale  bar  on  the  screen  (=B2)   You  now  can  calculate  the  actual  size  of  the  object  using  the  formula: actual  size  of  object  =  on? creen  length  of  object  Ã‚  x  Ã‚  actual  size  of  scale  bar*        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on? screen  length  of  scale  bar ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A1  =  A2  x  B1 B2 *The   actual   size   of   the   scale   bar   is   indicated   on   the   scale   bar   file   (ex:   on   the   new10x. jpg   file,  the  bar  represents  0. 2mm  at  10x  or  0. 02mm  at  100x)  =  B1 Example:  I  took  a  picture  of  a  small  insect  larva,  using  the  4x  objective. The   larva   length   is   60mm   on   the   screen. The   scale   bar   on   the   new40x. jpg   is   30mm  and  represents  0. 2mm. What  is  the  actual  size  of  the  larva? _________________________Do  not  put  the  compound  microscope  back  in  the  cupboard  you  will  need  it   later  this  afternoon. Points  to  remember  concerning  microscopes 1. Always   work   with   a   clean   microscope. Use   only   the   lens   paper   provided. Don't  forget  to  clean  the  slide  too! 2. Always   locate   the   specimen   under   low   power   and   work   your   way   up   to   the  high  power  objective. 3. Never   use   the   coarse   focusing   knob   when   the   high   power   lens   is   in   position. Use  only  the  fine  focus  knob. 4. Never  use  the  100x  in  1st  year  labs  (we  didn’t  teach  you  how)   5.Always   readjust   illumination   whenever   you   change   the   objective. Too   much  light  will  give  you  a  blurry  image  that  you  cannot  focus  on. 15 Lab1  ? Microscopy The  stereoscopic  microscope (dissecting  microscope) The   stereoscopic   microscope,   also   called   stereoscope   or   dissecting   microscope,   is   used   to   view   objects   that   are   too   large   or   too   thick   to   observe  under  the  comp ound  microscope. Stereo   microscopes   are   always   equipped   with   two   oculars   producing   a   stereoscopic   or   three? dimensional   image. Unlike   the   compound   microscope,  the  image  is  not  inverted.Our   stereo   microscopes   provide   magnification   in   the   range   of   6. 7X   ? 45X   using   a   zoom? type   lens   system. By   rotating   a   dial   located   on   the   right   side   of   the   stereo   microscope   head,   the   viewer   obtains   a   continuous   change   of   magnification. Our   stereo   microscopes   can   be   used   with   reflected   or   transmitted   light. Reflected   light   is   directed   unto   opaque   specimens   from   above   and   is   reflected   to   the   viewer. Transmitted   light   is   used   with   translucent   specimens   and   passes   through   the   specimen   from   beneath   the   stage   and   into  the  viewer's  eyes.Use  of  the  stereoscopic  microscope 1. On   the   Biolabo   home   page   left   click   on   Stereoscope   (Dissecting   microscope)  and  then  on  Stereoscope  setup. 2. Click  on  Step  1  and  read  it  carefully. Obtain  a  stereo  microscope  from  the   same  cupboard  as  your  compound  microscope  if  you  haven’t  yet. 3. Click  on  and  read  steps  2  through  7. 4. Place  a  coin  on  the  stage. 5. Using   the   focussing   knob   on   either   side   of   the   arm,   lower   or   raise   the   objective   until   the   coin   is   in   focus. Examine   it   in   both   reflected   and   transmitted  light.Which   is   best   for   an   opaque   specimen? Try   t he   various   magnifications   by   turning   the   zoom   knob. The   reflected   light source   is   similar   to   a   spotlight   and  its  orientation  can  be  adjusted  manually. Try  rotating  the  light  upwards   and  downwards. 6. Examine  other  materials  such  as  brine  shrimp  larvae  (Artemia)  in  a  watch   glass   using   both   reflected   and   transmitted   light. Add   1? 2   drops   of   â€Å"proto? slow†Ã‚   solution   to   slow   down   the   larvae. Estimate   the   actual   size   of   one   larva:  __________ 16 Lab1  ? Microscopy Prokaryotic  and  Eukaryotic  cellsIt   has   long   been   recognized   that   living   organisms   are   composed   of   basic   structural   and   functional   units   called   cells. Cells   can   be   divided   into   two   general   type s:   prokaryotic   and   eukaryotic,   based   on   the   presence   of   a   nucleus  and  other  membrane  bound  organelles  in  the  latter. Prokaryotic   cells   belong   to   2   big   groups:   archaea   and   eubacteria. They   are   usually   smaller   than   eukaryotic   cells   (typically   1? 5 µm). These   unicellular   organisms  may  be  small,  but  they  are  the  most  abundant  organisms  on  the   planet,   representing   about   half   the   biomass   (Biology,   Brooker   et   al. 010,   McGraw? Hill&Ryerson). They   are   devoid   of   membrane   bound   organelle   such   as   the   nucleus,   mitochondria   or   chloroplasts. Their   genetic   material   is   usually   composed   of   one   circular   chromosome   plus   other   extra   chromosomal  elements  called  plasmids. Euka ryotic   cells   are   usually   much   larger. They   possess   a   membrane   bound   nucleus,   their   organelles   are   more   complex   and   numerous,   and   their   genome   is   larger   than   prokaryotes. Eukaryotic   organisms   can   be   uni? or   multicellular. You   will   have   a   chance   to   observe   many   eukaryotic   cells   during  this  semester:  Amoeba,  Lilly,  Whitefish†¦.In   today's   exercise   you   will   take   a   first   look   at   the   similarities   and   differences   between   prokaryotic   and   eukaryotic   cells   as   well   as   the   diversity  within  these  groups. You   should   familiarize   yourselves   with   a   whole   array   of   cellular   structures   and   organelles   you   will   probably   encounter   during   the   course   of   this   exercise. Before   your   scheduled   lab   session,   write   down   the   definition   and   function  for  each  of  the  following  terms:  plasma  (cell)  membrane,  cell  wall,   protoplast,  cytoplasm,  vacuoles,  nucleus,  nucleolus  and  chloroplasts.Eukaryotic  Cells:  Elodea  (plant) 1? Get   a   young   green   Elodea   leaf   from   the   jar. Mount   it   in   a   drop   of   water   on   a   clean   microscope   slide   with   the   convex   side   of   the   leaf   uppermost. Cover  the  preparation  with  a  coverslip. 2? Observe   the   preparation   at   4X,   then   at   10X. If   you   see   brownish   oval   structures   on   the   leaf   surface,   ignore   then. These   are   probably   epiphytic   diatoms. Concentrate  your  attention  on  the  cells  near  the  cent ral  rib  at  the   base  of  the  leaf  and  on  the  marginal  cells  at  the  edge  of  the  leaf. Can  you  distinguish  several  layers  making  up  the  leaf? ____ ? What   is   the   average   length   ______   and   width   ______   of   the   cells   in   micrometres? 17 Lab1  ? Microscopy 3? Focussing  at  40X  locate  the  cell  wall,  the  vacuole,  the  cytoplasm  and  the   numerous  green  chloroplasts. ? What   important   biological   process   takes   place   in   the   chloroplasts? _____________________________________ ? What  pigment  is  responsible  for  their  green  colouration? ________________________________________________ ? What  is  the  shape  of  chloroplasts? ____________________________________________ ? Are  the  chloroplasts  moving? What  sort  of  movement? ____________________________ _____________________ ? The  phenomenon  you  are  observing  is  called  cytoplasmic  streaming   or   cyclosis. What   do   you   think   the   function   of   such   a   process   could   be? ___________________________________________________ 4? You   have   probably   realised   that   the   plasma   membrane   cannot   be   seen   in   plant   cells. It   is   too   thin   to   be   resolved   with   the   compound   microscope.In   order   to   see   the   true   limiting   boundary   of   the   cytoplasm   it   is   necessary   to   treat   the   cells   in   such   a   manner   that   the   plasma   membrane   becomes   withdrawn   away   from   the   rigid   cell   wall. This   can   be   done   by   placing   the   cell   in   a   strong   salt   solution. This   will   cause   water   toà ‚   diffuse   out   of   the   cell   by   osmosis,   thereby   decreasing   the   cell   volume. The   unaffected   cell   wall remains  in  its  original  state. What  can  then  be  seen  is  a  space  between  the   cell  wall  and  the  limiting  boundary  of  the  protoplast  (the  cell  minus  the  cell   wall)  which  thereby  becomes  visible. Remove   your   Elodea   slide   from   the   microscope   stage. Delicately   remove   the   coverslip,   add   one   drop   of   5%   NaCl   solution   then   put   back  the  coverslip  on  your  preparation ? Refocus   at   40x   (don't   forget:   you   must   first   focus   at   4X,   then   10X   and  finally  at  40x). ? Are   the   cells   plasmolyzed? (If   not   wait   a   while   longer). How   do   they   look  like  now? __ ____________________ ? Has  the  cell  wall  been  affected? _________________   ? What   becomes   of   the   large   central   vacuole   during   plasmolysis? ______  _______________________________________________ Take  a  picture  of  a  plasmolyzed  Elodea  cell. How  does  it  compare  to   the  previous  picture? 18 Lab1  ? Microscopy Prokaryotic  Cells:  Lyngbya  (eubacteria:  cyanobacteria)   1. Take   a   close   look   at   the   sample   in   the   jar. Which   colour   would   best   describe  its  appearance? ___________________ 2. Prepare  a  wet  mount  of  fresh  Lyngbya  by  the  following  procedure:   ? With   forceps   or   an   eye   dropper,   put   a   very   small   amount   of   green   matter  on  a  clean  slide ? Add  a  drop  of  water  from  the  jar. ? Carefully   place   a   co verslip   over   it. Make   sure   it   lies   flat   on   the   preparation.Don't   worry   if   there   are   just   a   few   air   bubbles. With   practice,   your   skills   will   improve. However,   if   too   many   air   bubbles   are   present,   your   preparation   risks   to   dry   out   very   quickly   during   viewing,  compromising  your  observations. 3. Starting  with  the  4X  objective,  focus  on  your  preparation. ? Can  you  see  numerous  green  filaments? _______ ? Are  the  filaments  moving? __________ 4. Switch  to  the  10X  then  the  40X  objective  and  focus  using  the  fine  focus   knob  only: ? Do  you  see  the  individual  cells  making  up  each  filament? ________ ? Estimate  the  width  of  one  filament  in  micrometres:_______ What’s  the  filamentà ‚  width  in  millimetres  (mm)? ________ ? REMEMBER:   You   are   working   with   living   cells. Work   quickly   and   keep   your   specimen   wet   at   all   times. Dead,   dry   or   damaged   biological  preparations  are  useless. Returning  the  microscopes  after  use After   completing   all   observations,   turn   and   click   the   low   power   objective   (4X)  on  the  compound  microscope  into  position. Remove  the  slide  from  the  stage  and  return  it  to  its  correct  box. Wipe  the  stages  with  a  clean  paper  towel. Carefully  disconnect  the  camera  from  the  firewire  cable.Make   sure   you   turned   off   the   light   on   each   microscope,   then   unplug   the   power  cord  and  make  a  loose  coil  of  it  around  the  eyepieces. Return  the  microscope  in  the  cupboard. 19 Lab1  ? Microscopy TAs   will   check   that   you   properly   returned   the   microscopes   in   the cupboard   with  the  cord  properly  attached  and  no  slide  present  on  the   stage. You   will   lose  marks  for  this  lab  (and  other  labs)  if  you  don’t  do  so. Evaluation A   short   quiz   on   microscope   components,   specimen   observations   and   measurement  of  objects  will  take  place  at  the  beginning  of  Lab2.Be  on  time,  the  quiz  will  start  at  2:30. References: 1? Metric  system  (see  also  appendix  IV  at  the  end  of  lab  manual):   1  centimetre  cm  =  10? 2  metres  (m) 1  millimetre  mm  =  10? 3  metres 1  micrometre  ? m  =  10? 6  metres 1  nanometre  nm  =  10? 9  metres 2? Size  of   camera  field  of  views  (fov): Table  2:  Fields  of  View:  Olympus  CX41  Compound  Microscope   Objective 4X 10X 40X 100X Camera  field  of  view (width  in  mm) 1. 75 0. 70 0. 175 0. 070 Table  3:  Fields  of  View  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Olympus  SZ61TR  Dissecting  Microscope   Zoom  Setting 0. 67X 0. 8X 1X